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Since its invention in Italy in the fourteenth century, marine insurance has provided merchants with capital protection in times of crisis, thus oiling the gears of trade and commerce. With a focus on customs, laws, and organisational structures, this book reveals the Italian origins of marine insurance, and tracks the spread of underwriting practices and institutions in Europe and America through the early modern era. With contributions from eleven leading researchers from seven countries, the book examines key institutional developments in the history of marine insurance. The authors discuss its invention in Italy, and its evolution from private to corporate structures, assessing the causes and impacts of various state interventions. Amsterdam and Antwerp are analysed as one-time key centres of underwriting, as is the emergence and maturity of marine insurance in London. The book evaluates an experiment in corporate underwriting in Cadiz, and the development of insurance institutions in the United States, before applying the metrics of underwriting to discuss commerce raiding in the Atlantic up to the nineteenth century.

"Halley's Comet has been prominently displayed in many newspapers during the last few months. For the first time in 76 years it appeared this winter, the nocturnal sky. This is an appropriate occasion to clearly visible against point out the fact that Sir Edmund Halley also constructed the world's first life table in 1693, thus creating the scientific foundation of life insurance. Halley's life table and its successors were viewed as deterministic laws, i. e. the number of deaths in any given group and year was considered to be a well defined number that could be calculated by means of a life table. However, in reality this number is random. Thus any mathematical treatment of life insurance will have to rely more and more on probability theory. By sponsoring this monograph the Swiss Association of Actuaries wishes to support the ""modern"" probabilistic view of life contingencies. We are fortu­ nate that Professor Gerber, an internationally renowned expert, has assumed the task of writing the monograph. We thank the Springer-Verlag and hope that this monograph will be the first in a successful series of actuarial texts. Zurich, March 1986 Hans Biihlmann President Swiss Association of Actuaries Preface Two major developments have influenced the environment of actuarial math­ ematics. One is the arrival of powerful and affordable computers; the once important problem of numerical calculation has become almost trivial in many instances."

Home Sweet Home

Home Wet Home

Our wood swing bears the words "Home sweet home" carved into the wood seat. Metal handles make it easy to hang. FeaturesRope not included23.5 inches in lengthMade from wood and ironPerfect for seasonal decoratingNo Assembly RequiredSpecificationsColor: Brown, WhiteMaterial: Wood and IronDimension: 23.5in. x 9.5in. x 10in.Weight: 9.15 lbs

The basic principle of building home equity is the same for everyone (paying off as much mortgage as possible), but in today's financial environment, different generations face different challenges. Therefore, no matter how old we are, we've put together some tips on building home equity.

Home equity loans provide you with cash in exchange for the net assets you have accumulated in the property as a separate loan.

As with any loan, the person with the highest credit score will be entitled to the highest interest rate. The banks that provide these services will place more stringent requirements on your credit score and the equity in your property. Here are the best interest rates we can find among lenders who still offer home equity loans

How to buy car insurance? The most important thing is to know how to buy auto insurance.

Get the best car insurance for you at the best price by knowing all the information about car insurance.

If you are first-time home buyers, it is very important for you to choose the right mortgage. Here are some tips can help you find a mortgage that suits you as easily as possible.

You Will Not Believe How Easy It Is To Get Great Auto Insurance When You Follow These Tips

Metromile's pricing is mainly based on mileage. For people who don't drive often, the charge is low.

Choosing the right auto insurance for your family is an important decision. The coverage can help to protect a substantial investment, your car. The cost can affect your budget. With so many policies to choose from, it can become confusing to decide which one is best for you. In this article, we will discuss some tips that can help in the auto insurance selection process.